Antigen recognized by patients with antibody associated cerebellar degeneration, DNA encoding same and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

An isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide is provided by this invention. This invention also provides a purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide and compositions containing the purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide. Further provided by this invention is a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope on the major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide. Compositions containing this monoclonal antibody also are provided by this invention. This invention also provides methods of diagnosis and treatment using the compositions described hereinabove.

This invention was made with support under Grant Number GA08748 from the national Institute of Health. Accordingly, the United States government has certain rights to the invention.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/427,993, filed Apr. 24, 1995, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,013, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/646,292, filed Jan. 25, 1991, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this application various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entirety are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citations for these references maybe found at the end of this application, immediately preceding the claims.

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a disorder of the cerebellum found in association with neoplasms usually of lung, ovary, breast, or Hodgkins disease. 1! Neuropathological analysis of the affected brains has revealed extensive loss of Purkinje cells, variable loss of granule and basket neurons and proliferation of Bergman glia. 2! The mechanistic relationship between the primary tumor and the resultant cerebellar dysfunction is not clearly understood. The presence of infiltrating lymphocytes in some of the affected brain has suggested an immune mechanism. 3!

A clinically definable subset of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration harbor a characteristic antibody which has been call anti-Yo 4!. These sera react with antigens expressed in the Purkinje cells of the normal cerebellum and in the tumor tissue of the affected individual 5!. There is also evidence of increased antibody synthesis in the affected brain. 6! These observations suggest a model for the neurological dysfunction in which an immune response primarily directed against a tumor antigen is misdirected against similar antigens peculiar to the cerebellum. On Western blot analysis of Purkinje cells and tumor tissue, the anti-Yo sera react with at least two antigens, a major species of 62 kd (CDR 62) and a minor species of 34 kd (CDR 34). 7! Anti-Yo antibody has been detected in patients prior to discovery of the tumor. 19!. In four of these patients, prior radiological investigations had disclosed minor abnormalities of uncertain significance. Detection of this antibody prompted surgical exploration and biopsy disclosed a tumor in each case.

The gene encoding the minor antigen (CDR 34) has been isolated and characterized 8,9!. In addition, a cDNA encoding a 52-kd protein has been isolated, recognized by an antineuronal cell antibody in serum from a patient with PCD associated with uterine carcinoma. 18! However, specificity of reaction between the protein encoded by this isolated cDNA and Yo sera was not established. 18!

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide is provided by this invention. This invention also provides a purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide and compositions containing the purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide.

A method of detecting an antibody associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is provided by this invention. This method comprises contacting a suitable sample with the purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide labelled with a detectable marker under conditions so as to form a complex between the purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide and the antibody, detecting the presence of any complex so formed, thereby detecting an antibody associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.

Also provided by this invention is a method of determining whether a patient exhibiting neurological symptoms has paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) or harbors a tumor expressing major Yo antigen, which comprises contacting a suitable sample from the patient with the major Yo antigenic polypeptide, the polypeptide being labeled with a detectable marker, under suitable conditions so as to form a complex between the antibody and the polypeptide, detecting the presence of any complex so formed, the presence of complex being a positive determination that the patient has a tumor which expresses a major Yo antigen or PCD.

A method of inhibiting the proliferation of neoplastic cells in a patient having paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) also is provided by this invention. This method comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of a monoclonal antibody directed to the major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide, the monoclonal antibody being labeled with a therapeutic agent, in an amount which is effective to inhibit the proliferation of the neoplastic cells, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of neoplastic cells in a patient having PCD.

This invention further provides a method of imaging neoplastic cells in a patient, wherein the neoplastic cells are associated with paraneoplastic cerebellum degeneration (PCD), which comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of a monoclonal antibody directed to major Yo paraneoplastic antigen, the monoclonal antibody being labelled with an imaging agent, under conditions to form a complex between the monoclonal antibody and an antigenic polypeptide associated with PCD, imaging any complex so formed, thereby imaging neoplastic cells in a patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1--Epitope selection analysis of pY1, pY2. Nitrocellulose filters containing fusion protein encoded by pY1, pY2 and as a control a β-galactosidase--ovalbumin fusion protein were incubated with anti Yo sera (5 μ/ml) for 2 hours at room temperature. After washing with TBST, the IgG fraction bound to the filter was eluted with 1.0M Na Citrate (pH 2.5). The purified IgG was then re-reacted with Western blot nitrocellulose strips containing protein from human Purkinje cells. Lane 1, negative contral eluate from ovalbumin fusion protein. Lane 2 eluate from pY1. Lane 3 eluate from pY2.

FIG. 2--Northern blot of HeLa RNA. Total RNA was extracted from HeLa cells and separated by 1.2% Formaldehyde-Agarose gel electrophoresis. The filter was incubated with ³² P! RNA probe, washed and exposed to XRA5 film for 4 hours at -70° C.

FIGS. 3A and 3B--Anti Yo sera specifically react with pY2 fusion protein.

(A) Protein extracts (50 μg total protein) from pBS (parental plasmid containing no insert) and pY2 were resolved by SDS 10% Acrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose and incubated with anti Yo sera (lanes 1,2).

(B) The fusion protein encoded by pY2 was purified by preparative SDS--10% acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The partially purified protein was then run on a "curtain well" SDS-polyacrylamide gel, transferred to nitrocellulose and cut into strips of equal size. Strips (containing equal amounts of fusion protein) were then incubated with lane 1, normal human sera, lanes 2, 3, 4, 5 anti Yo positive sera and lanes 6-10 anti Yo negative sera.

FIG. 4--Elisa Assay using pY2 Fusion Protein Partially purified pY2 fusion protein was immobilized to 96 well microtitre plates and serum reactivity assayed as described in materials and methods. Each dot on the two Y axes correspond to a single determination.

FIG. 5--The composite open reading frame specified by pY1 pY2 is shown in single letter amino acid code. The leucine zipper domain is shown and the participating leucine residues highlighted. Seq. ID NO. 1.

FIG. 6--Helical wheel analysis of leucine zipper domain. The analysis starts with leu (171) and ends at leucine (192). The helical wheel consists of seven spokes corresponding to the fit of seven amino acids into every two α helical turns. The single letter amino acid code is used.

FIGS. 7A-7D--cDNA (Seq. ID NO. 2) and amino acid sequence (Seq. ID NO. 1) of major Yo antigenic polypeptide of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide. As used herein, the term major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide encompasses any amino acid sequence having the biological activity of major Yo antigenic protein, i.e., a protein which may specifically form a complex with an antibody which is characteristic of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. This antibody has also been called anti-Yo. This antibody, i.e., anti-Yo, is characteristically found in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, a disorder of the cerebellum found in association with neoplasms of lung and breast. This antigenic major Yo polypeptide is approximately 62 kd.

In one embodiment of this invention, the isolated nucleic acid sequence described hereinabove is DNA. In another embodiment of this invention, the isolated nucleic acid sequence described hereinabove is cDNA, or it is RNA. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the isolated nucleic acid sequence is a cDNA sequence as shown in sequence ID No. 2, also FIGS. 7A-7D.

A vector which comprises the isolated nucleic acid molecule described hereinabove also is provided. Suitable vectors comprise, but are not limited to, a plasmid or a virus. This vector may be transfected into a suitable host cell to form a host vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of the major Yo antigenic polypeptide.

This invention further provides an isolated DNA or cDNA molecule described hereinabove wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of bacteria cells such as E. coli, yeast and fungi cells, insect cells and animal cells. Suitable animal cells include, but are not limited to Vero cells, HeLa cells, Cos cells , CV1 cells and primary mouse cells.

Further provided by this invention is a method for producing a polypeptide having the biological activity of the major Yo antigenic polypeptide comprising the steps of: a) culturing the host vector system described hereinabove under suitable conditions permitting production of the polypeptide and b) recovering the polypeptide produced. This invention also provides the polypeptide produced by this method.

Throughout this application, references to specific nucleotides are to nucleotides present on the coding strand of the nucleic acid. The following standard abbreviations are used throughout the specification to indicate specific nucleotides:

C=cytosine A=adenosine

T=thymidine G=guanosine

U=uracil

This invention also encompasses DNAs and cDNAs which encode amino acid sequences which differ from those of the major Yo paraneoplastic antigenic polypeptide, but which should not produce phenotypic changes. Alternatively, this invention also encompasses DNAs and cDNAs which hybridize to the DNA and cDNA of the subject invention. Hybridization methods are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. This invention also encompasses cDNA and DNA molecules characterized by changes in non-coding regions that do not alter the phenotype of the polypeptide produced.

Also provided by this invention is a purified, major Yo antigenic polypeptide. The purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide may be labeled with a detectable marker. For the purposes of this invention, suitable detectable markers include, but are not limited to detectable markers selected from the group consisting of radioisotopes, dyes, enzymes and biotin.

This invention further provides a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope on the major Yo antigenic polypeptide. In one embodiment of this invention, the monoclonal antibody is a mouse monoclonal antibody. In another embodiment of this invention, the monoclonal antibody is a human monoclonal antibody.

For the isolation of mouse monoclonal antibodies, eight week old mice may be injected interperitoneally with about 50 micrograms of a synthetic, purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide, (prepared as described above) in complete Freud's adjuvant 1:1 volume. Mice will then be boosted, at monthly intervals, with the polypeptide, mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and bled through the tail vein. On days 4, 3, and 2 prior to fusion, mice will be boosted intravenously with 50 micrograms of the polypeptide in saline. Splenocytes will then be fused with non-secreting myeloma cells according to procedures which have been described and are known to those of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Some time later, approximately two weeks later, hybridoma supernatant will then be screened for binding activity against the major Yo antigenic polypeptide as described hereinafter. Positive clones will then be isolated and propagated.

In addition, this invention also provides the monoclonal antibody described hereinabove conjugated to a therapeutic agent. For the purposes of this invention, suitable therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of radioisotopes, toxins, toxoids, and chemotherapeutic agents. Also provided by this invention is the monoclonal antibody described hereinabove conjugated to a detectable marker. Suitable detectable markers include, but are not limited to, enzymes, radioisotopes, dyes and biotin. This invention further provides monoclonal antibodies as described hereinabove conjugated to an imaging agent. Suitable imaging agents include, but are not limited to radioisotopes, such as, ³² p, ³⁵ S , and ¹³¹ I.

Also provided by this invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the purified, major Yo antigenic polypeptide described hereinabove alone, or conjugated to any one of the following: a detectable marker, a therapeutic agent, or an imaging agent, as described hereinabove and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the monoclonal antibody described hereinabove alone, or conjugated to any one of the following: a detectable marker, a therapeutic agent, or an imaging agent. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions, such as a oil/water emulsions, and various types of wetting agents.

A method of detecting an antibody associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration "PCD", i.e., the major Yo antigenic protein, is also provided by this invention. This method comprises contacting a suitable sample with a purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide described hereinabove under conditions so as to form a complex between the purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide and the antibody, detecting the presence of any complex so formed, thereby detecting an antibody associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Suitable samples include any sample suspected containing an antibody associated with PCD, such as serum or cerebral-spinal fluid. In one embodiment of the invention the synthetic purified major Yo antigenic polypeptide is labeled with a detectable marker selected from the group consisting of radioisotopes, dyes, enzymes and biotin. For the purposes of this invention, suitable radioisotopes include, but are not limited to, ³² p, ³⁵ S, and ¹³¹ I.

Also provided by this invention is a method of determining whether a patient exhibiting neurological symptoms harbors a tumor expressing the Yo antigen, which comprises obtaining the suitable sample from the patient, contacting the suitable sample with a monoclonal antibody directed against the Yo antigen, under conditions so as to form a complex between the antibody and the Yo antigen, detecting the presence of any complex so formed, the presence of a complex being a positive determination that the patient harbors a tumor expressing the Yo antigen. In one embodiment of this invention, the monoclonal antibody is labeled with a detectable marker. For the purposes of this invention, suitable detectable markers include, but are not limited to a detectable marker selected from the group consisting of radioisotopes, dyes, enzymes and biotin. Suitable radioisotopes have been described hereinabove.

Further provided by this invention is a method of inhibiting the proliferation of neoplastic cells in a patient having paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. This method comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of the monoclonal antibody or composition described hereinabove conjugated to a therapeutic agent, in an amount which is effective to inhibit the proliferation of neoplastic cells, and under suitable conditions so as to form a complex between an antigen associated with the neoplasm and the monoclonal antibody thereby inhibiting the proliferation of neoplastic cells. As used herein, an effective amount is any amount which is effective to inhibit the proliferation of neoplastic cells. As is known to those of ordinary skill in the art, effective amounts vary with the type of therapeutic agent utilized, as well the neoplastic cell tumor being treated. It is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art how to determine an effective amount of a suitable therapeutic agent.

As used herein, "administering" means a method of administering to the patient. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to administration orally, intravenously, or parenterally. Administration of the agent may be effected continuously or intermittently, such that the amount of the therapeutic agent in the patient is effective to inhibit proliferation of neoplastic cells. For the purposes of this invention suitable therapeutic agents include radioisotopes, toxins, toxoids, and chemotherapeutic agents.

Also provided by this invention is a method of imaging neoplastic cells in a patient, wherein the neoplastic cells are associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.

The method comprises administering to the patient the monoclonal antibody described hereinabove which is labelled with an imaging agent, for example ¹³¹ I, or a composition containing the same, and administered it to the patient to bind to a major Yo antigen present on or within the neoplastic cells so as to form a complex between the monoclonal antibody and the antigen, detecting any complex so formed, thereby imaging neoplastic cells in a patient associated with PCD, or neoplastic cells expressing Yo antigen. As is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, a suitable amount of monoclonal antibody or composition is any amount which is effective to image the neoplastic cells, for example, about 0.1 mCi to about 50.0 mCi. In addition, an effective amount of the monoclonal antibody may be an amount from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg. Suitable methods of administering the imaging agent are as described hereinabove.

Imaging of any complex so formed may be carried out using single photon computed emission tomography (SPECT) or by using a gamma camera.

Materials and Methods Materials

Sera from patients with antibody associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration was obtained from the patients' physicians. A Hela cell λ ZAP expression library was obtained from Stratagene.

Methods

Screening of A Hela Expression Library

Recombinant phage were screened at a density of 2×10⁴ pfu per 150 mm plate of E. coli XLI-Blue. After incubation for 6 hours at 37° C. the plates were overlaid with filters soaked in 1PTG (10 mM) and incubated for a further 12 hours at 37° C. The filters were then removed and incubated with anti Yo sera (2 μg/ml IgG) for 2 hours at room temperature. The filters were then washed with TBST (50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 0.2% Triton) and incubated with I¹²⁵ Protein A. After washing with TBST the filters were exposed to XRA5 film at -70° C. Clones yielding positive signals were purified by several rounds of antibody screening until 100% of the plaques gave positive signals.

Analysis of Fusion Proteins

Phage clones were subcloned into p Bluescript (pBs) using the phage rescue protocol. 10! Individual clones were grown to an optical density of 0.6 and induced by adding IPTG (10 mM). After 1 hour of induction at 37° C. the bacterial cells were isolated by centrifugation and lysed by the addition of 2% SDS Laemlli buffer. E coli lysates were then resolved by 8% polyacrylamide SDS gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose 11!. The filters were then incubated with anti-Yo sera (5 μg/ml in TBST) for 2 hours at room temperature. The filters were then washed with TBST and incubated with I¹²⁵ protein A. After a further washing with TBST, the filters were exposed to XRA5 film at -70° C.

Northern Blot Analysis

Total RNA was prepared from Hela cells using the guanidinium hydrochloride phenol-chloroform extraction method. The RNA was separated by 1.2% Agarose/formaldehyde gel electrophoresis and transferred to Hybond N according to the manufacturers specification. The Hybond N filter was prehybridized with 50% Formamide, 5× SSPE, 0.05% PVP 0.05% Ficoll, 200 μg/ml denatured DNA. Probe was synthesized from clone pY2 using T7 RNA polymerase and ³² P UTP. 10! The filter was hybridized with probe (10⁷ cpm/ml) in prehybridization buffer at 55° C. The filter was then washed with 0.1× SSC/0.1% SDS at 60° C. and exposed to XRA5 film.

DNA Sequence Analysis

All sequencing was based on the dideoxy termination method 10!. Double stranded DNA was sequenced on both strands using SK, KS, M13 universal and reverse primers, and internal oligonucleotide primers. Sequences were merged and analyzed for open reading frame and functional motifs with the Macvector analysis software.

Elisa Assay

Partially purified preparations of the fusion protein encoded by pY2 were absorbed to 96 well microliter plates. After blocking reactive sites with 2% BSA/PBS, the wells were incubated with the appropriate concentration of sera diluted in 1% goat serum (2 hours at room temperature). Reactivity was determined by incubation with biotinylated goat anti-human IgG, (1/1000) followed by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex. Peroxidase was measured by oxidation of OPD and absorbance was measured at 402 nm.

Results

Isolation of Positive λ Clones

In order to clone the major Yo antigen (CDR 62) five libraries were obtained. Five were screened and found to be negative. Screening of a Hela cell λ ZAP II expression library with a typical high-titer anti-Yo sera resulted in the isolation of two consistently positive clones (y1,y2). None of these clones were recognized by normal human sera. The two clones were further analyzed by the epitope selection method. In this procedure, the antibodies that recognize the recombinant fusion protein are isolated and reacted with a Western blot of the tissue antigen. Purified antibodies from bona-fide clones should identify the original antigen of interest. FIG. 1 (lanes 3,4) shows that affinity purified antibodies selected by reactivity with the fusion proteins encoded by clones y1 and y2 recognized CDR 62 expressed in human Purkinje neurons. A mock purification of anti-Yo sera employing an irrelevant fusion protein served as the negative control (FIG. 1, lane 1). Both clones were related and encoded CDR 62.

Both λ phage clones were then subcloned into PBS utilizing the phagemid rescue procedure. The resulting bacterial plasmids pY1, pY2 had inserts of 0.8 kb and 2.3 kb respectively. Restriction enzyme digestion and hybridization analysis confirmed that the two clones were related and overlapped. A similar antibody screen was conducted using a human cerebellar library. Four independent clones were isolated and found to be related to pY1 and pY2. These clones were not analyzed further. Northern blot analysis of Hela total RNA with probe synthesized from pY2 revealed an abundant transcript of 51K. (FIG. 2)

Specific Recognition of cDNA Clones by Anti-Yo Sera

Plasmid pY2 was deposited on Jan. 25, 1991 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, U.S.A. under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty for the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes Of Patent Procedure. Plasmid pY2 has been accorded ATCC Accession Number 40948.

Preliminary experiments revealed that the fusion protein encoded by pY2 was the most reactive with anti-Yo sera. This clone was therefore the reagent of choice to establish a quantitative diagnostic assay. The reactivity of anti-Yo sera and various negative control sera was established by Western blot analysis of the fusion protein encoded by pY2. Anti-Yo sera identify a fusion protein of 55 kd in extracts of pY2. No reactivity was observed with extracts of PBS (the parental plasmid vector with no insert). (FIG. 3A, lane 2). FIG. 3B shows that reactivity with sera previously characterized as anti-Yo were positive (lanes 2,3,4,5,). Negative controls included; normal human sera (lane 1), sera from patients with cerebellar degeneration due to the causes (lane 7), patients with ovarian tumors (lane 8) and patients with ovarian tumors, PCD but no anti Yo antibody (lanes 6,9) and serum from a different antibody associated paraneoplastic syndrome (lane 10).

In a separate study, four false positive sera were distinguished by recombinant assay utilizing the antigen of the subject invention.

Elisa Assay for Anti-Yo Sera

The routine assay for the detection of anti-Yo antibodies involves immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of human cerebellar tissue. Sera are defined as anti-Yo if they react specifically with Purkinje cells and identify a major species of 62 kd on Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis is essential since other sera which react with Purkinje cells but do not identify a 62 kd protein have been encountered. 12! This assay is currently conducted by research laboratories. Screening for this antibody in a large patient population will require a simpler diagnostic assay. Towards this end we have established an Elisa assay based on the recombinant CDR 62 antigen. Partially purified preparations of the pY2 fusion protein were immobilized on 96 well microliter plates and reacted with the same group of sera utilized in FIG. 3B. All four anti-Yo sera were clearly positive whereas all negative sera were not significantly different than background. (FIG. 4).

Sequence Analysis of pY1, pY2

Sequence analysis of pY2 revealed a large open reading frame of 431 amino acids which was in frame with the AUG of β galactosidase. The predicted molecular weight of this open reading frame (54 kd) agrees well with that observed in FIG. 3(A). Sequence analysis of pY1 confirmed that it overlapped with the 5' end of pY2 and provided another 243 nucleotides of 5' sequence. Together pY1 and pY2 yielded a composite open reading frame of 509 amino acids. (FIG. 5 Seq. I.D. No. 1). It has not yet been established that the N terminal AUG. Secondary structure analysis revealed a highly hydrophilic protein with extensive regions of α-Helix. The most conspicuous feature was a leucine zipper motif found at residues 171 to 192. This motif, consisting of a heptad repeat of leucine residues forming an amphiphillic α-Helix, is a distinctive feature of proteins which bind to DNA as a hetero or homodimer. 13, 14! The amphiphillic nature of the leucine zipper found in CDR62 is illustrated in a helical wheel analysis (FIG. 6). A thin ridge of hydrophobicity is evident down the axis of the putative α Helix. In addition allowing the substitution of serine (164) and histidine (137) a "super" leucine zipper stretches from residues 122 to 170 in complete register with the leucine zipper at 171 to 192. Helical wheel analysis of the "super" leucine zipper also revealed a clear hydrophobic ridge down the axis of the α Helix. Preliminary experiments have shown that CDR62 can in fact bind to DNA. Assaying CDR62 by Western blot we have shown that the protein present in cytoplasmic extracts of Hela cells binds strongly to native DNA-cellulose. (Fathallah & Furneaux, data not shown). CDR62 does not appear to contain the characteristic basic DNA binding domain found in many leucine zipper proteins. It should be noted however, the presence of two putative DNA binding motifs (a SPKK site (Seq. I.D. No. 3) at codon 201 and a Zinc Finger at codons 205-231) adjacent to the leucine zipper. Also consistent with the function of the protein as a transcription factor is the presence of a highly acidic (pI=3.4) activating domain between residues 52 and 80. Leucine zipper proteins in general display little homology in the amino acids found between the leucine residues. In this case it was noted that the almost perfect homology between a leucine zipper element found in CDR62 (LQTNIDHL-amino acids 178-185 of Seq. I.D. No. 1) to that found in the leucine zipper present in C-Fos 15! (LQTEIANL Seq. I.D. No. 4).

Discussion

A human expression library and isolated cDNA clones that encode an epitope recognized by the sera of patients were screened with antibody associated PCD. On the basis of the epitope selection analysis it has been concluded that these cDNAs correspond to the major antigen CDR62. There is a possibility that the cDNA's encode an epitope shared with CDR62 but do not correspond to the protein itself. Antibodies specifically raised against the fusion protein will definitively answer this question. Irrespective of the true identity of the cDNAs; they encode an antigenic species which is uniquely recognized by anti-Yo sera. In contrast to the previously cloned minor antigen (CDR34) the fusion proteins encoded by the present cDNAs are highly reactive with anti-Yo sera (detectable binding is observed at 0.2 μg/ml of IgG.). The fusion protein encoded by these clones, provides the most sensitive assay for the detection of anti-Yo sera.

The most conspicuous structural feature of CDR62 is a leucine zipper motif. The presence of this feature and of putative DNA binding domains is beleived to indicate that this protein plays a role in the regulation of gene expression. It will be crucial to isolate the DNA sequence recognized by CDR62. The similarity of the leucine zipper element between CDR62 and Cos. It is conceivable that CDR62 may interact with the same family of proteins that interact with C-Fos. 15! There is no obvious similarity between CDR62 and the previously cloned minor antigen CDR34. They are clearly different gene products, CDR34 resides on chromosome X (4) whereas CDR62 resides on chromosome X (4) whereas CDR62 resides on chromosome 16. CDR34 is an unusual protein consisting almost entirely of tandem repeats to a six amino acid consensus sequence L/FLEDVE (Seq. I.D. Nos. 5 and 6). Such tandem repetition gives rise to a number of single (L--L) zipper elements. We speculate that anti-Yo sera specifically recognizes leucine zipper elements. This speculation is fuelled by the recent isolation (from an expression library) of another gene product (CD III) which contains a leucine zipper element.

It is hypothesized that the pathological mechanisms of the syndrome is that cerebellar dysfunction arises from an immune response directed against the cerebellum but provoked by the aberrant expression of the neural antigen in tumor tissue. There is no direct proof of this model. Injection of anti-Yo antibodies into experimental animals have failed to reproduce the syndrome. The availability of the recombinant CDR62 antigen will permit the generation of an appropriate immune response in experimental animals and hopefully create an animal model. In addition, the specific expression of CDR62 in patient's tumor samples can now be examined. The other fascinating aspect of this syndrome is that these patients made an extremely exaggerated immune response to their tumor tissue. Tumor tissue (presumably the CDR62 antigen) is clearly perceived as foreign by the patient's immune system. There are at least two models which may help us to understand this phenomenon. Firstly it may be that the CDR62 protein are normally restricted in its expression to brain tissue. The brain is an immunologically privileged site. 16, 17! The implication is that the expression of a brain protein in extra-neural tumor tissue may provoke an intense immune response. In the second model we suggest that the CDR62 antigen is expressed normally in extra-neural tissue but it undergoes a somatic mutation. In view of the highly hydrophilic a helical structure of CDR62, it is reasonable to suppose that even a single amino acid change may drastically affect the structure of the protein. The abnormal epitopes thus created may result in CDR62 being perceived as foreign by the immune system. An underlying corollary is that the mutation in CDR62 would have to be a clonal event. This would imply that mutation in CDR62 is a necessary event for tumor progression. With the cloned CDR62 in hand these models can now be tested.

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18. Sakai, K. et al. Isolation of a complementary DNA clone encoding an autoantigen recognized by an anti-neuronal cell antibody from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Annals of Neurology, 28 (5): 692-698, 1990.

19. Anderson, N. E. et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: clinical-immunological correlations, Annals of Neurology, 24 (4): 559-567, 1988.

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING     - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:     -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 7     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 509 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: N     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: N     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:     #library  (A) LIBRARY: Hela cell               (B) CLONE: pY1pY2     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:     -      Ser Ala Ala Gly Pro Asn Gly Ala - # Glu Ala Ala Gln Arg Ser Leu     Gly     #   15     -      Gly Gly Ala Ser Arg Pro Arg Ala - # Ala Leu Ala Glu Gly Gly Gly     Ala     #                 30     -      Gly Glu Glu Pro Gly Ala Ala Ala - # Glu Ala Gly Arg Arg Arg Gly     Pro     #             45     -      Leu Pro Leu Glu Asp Pro Ala Glu - # Met Leu Ala Glu Asn Leu Val     Glu     #         60     -      Glu Phe Glu Met Lys Glu Asp Glu - # Pro Trp Tyr Asp His Gln Asp     Leu     #     80     -      Gln Gln Asp Leu Gln Leu Ala Ala - # Glu Leu Gly Lys Thr Leu Leu     Asp     #   95     -      Arg Asn Thr Glu Leu Glu Asp Ser - # Val Gln Gln Met Tyr Thr Thr     Asn     #                110     -      Gln Glu Gln Leu Gln Glu Ile Glu - # Tyr Leu Thr Lys Gln Val Glu     Leu     #            125     -      Leu Arg Gln Met Asn Glu Gln His - # Ala Lys Val Tyr Glu Gln Leu     Asp     #        140     -      Val Thr Ala Arg Glu Leu Glu Glu - # Thr Asn Gln Lys Leu Val Ala     Asp     #    160     -      Ser Lys Ala Ser Gln Gln Lys Ile - # Leu Ser Leu Thr Glu Thr Ile     Glu     #   175     -      Cys Leu Gln Thr Asn Ile Asp His - # Leu Gln Ser Gln Val Glu Glu     Leu     #                190     -      Lys Ser Ser Gly Gln Gly Arg Arg - # Ser Pro Gly Lys Cys Asp Gln     Glu     #            205     -      Lys Pro Ala Pro Ser Phe Ala Cys - # Leu Lys Glu Leu Tyr Asp Leu     Arg     #        220     -      Gln His Phe Val Tyr Asp His Val - # Phe Ala Glu Lys Ile Thr Ser     Leu     #    240     -      Gln Gly Gln Pro Ser Pro Asp Glu - # Glu Glu Asn Glu His Leu Lys     Lys     #   255     -      Thr Val Thr Met Leu Gln Ala Gln - # Leu Ser Leu Glu Arg Gln Lys     Arg     #                270     -      Val Thr Met Glu Glu Glu Tyr Gly - # Leu Val Leu Lys Glu Asn Ser     Glu     #            285     -      Leu Glu Gln Gln Leu Gly Ala Thr - # Gly Ala Tyr Arg Ala Arg Ala     Leu     #        300     -      Glu Leu Glu Ala Glu Val Ala Glu - # Met Arg Gln Met Leu Gln Ser     Glu     #    320     -      His Pro Phe Val Asn Gly Val Glu - # Lys Leu Val Pro Asp Ser Leu     Tyr     #   335     -      Val Pro Phe Lys Glu Pro Ser Gln - # Ser Leu Leu Glu Glu Met Phe     Leu     #                350     -      Thr Val Pro Glu Ser His Arg Lys - # Pro Leu Lys Arg Ser Ser Ser     Glu     #            365     -      Thr Ile Leu Ser Ser Leu Ala Gly - # Ser Asp Ile Val Lys Gly His     Glu     #        380     -      Glu Thr Cys Ile Arg Arg Ala Lys - # Ala Val Lys Gln Arg Gly Ile     Ser     #    400     -      Leu Leu His Glu Val Asp Thr Gln - # Tyr Ser Ala Leu Lys Val Lys     Tyr     #   415     -      Glu Glu Leu Leu Lys Lys Cys Gln - # Glu Glu Gln Asp Ser Leu Ser     His     #                430     -      Lys Ala Gly Arg Pro Pro Gly Cys - # Ser Gln Gly Pro Asp Trp Ser     Asp     #            445     -      Ala Gln Ser Glu Pro Val Ala Ser - # Gly Trp Glu Leu Ala Ser Val     Asn     #        460     -      Pro Glu Pro Val Ser Ser Pro Thr - # Thr Pro Pro Glu Tyr Lys Ala     Leu     #    480     -      Phe Lys Glu Ile Phe Ser Cys Ile - # Lys Lys Thr Lys Gln Glu Ile     Asp     #   495     -      Glu Gln Arg Thr Lys Tyr Arg Ser - # Leu Ser Ser His Ser     #                505     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #pairs    (A) LENGTH: 2333 base               (B) TYPE: nucleic acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: N     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: N     -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:               (B) CLONE: Py2     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:     - TCCCCGCAAG ATCTTCAACT TGCTGCTGAG CTTGGGAAGA CATTACTGGA TC - #GGAACACA       60     - GAGTTGGAGG ACTCTGTTCA GCAGATGTAT ACAACCAATC AGGAGCAGTT AC - #AGGAAATT      120     - GAGTATCTGA CGAAGCAAGT GGAACTTCTA CGGCAGATGA ACGAACAACA TG - #CAAAGGTT      180     - TATGAACAAT TAGACGTCAC AGCAAGGGAA CTGGAAGAAA CAAATCAAAA GC - #TAGTTGCT      240     - GACAGCAAGG CCTCACAGCA AAAGATTCTG AGCCTGACTG AAACGATTGA AT - #GCCTGCAA      300     - ACCAACATTG ATCACCTCCA GAGCCAAGTG GAGGAGCTGA AGTCATCTGG CC - #AAGGGAGA      360     - AGGAGCCCGG GAAAGTGTGA CCAGGAGAAA CCGGCACCCA GCTTTGCATG TC - #TGAAGGAG      420     - CTGTATGACC TCCGCCAACA CTTCGTGTAT GATCATGTGT TCGCTGAGAA GA - #TCACTTCC      480     - TTGCAAGGTC AGCCAAGCCC TGATGAAGAG GAAAATGAGC ACTTGAAAAA AA - #CAGTGACA      540     - ATGTTGCAGG CCCAGCTGAG CCTGGAGCGG CAGAAGCGGG TGACTATGGA GG - #AGGAATAT      600     - GGGCTCGTGT TAAAGGAGAA CAGTGAACTG GAGCAGCAGC TGGGGGCCAC AG - #GTGCCTAC      660     - CGAGCACGGG CGCTGGAACT AGAGGCCGAG GTGGCAGAGA TGCGACAGAT GT - #TGCAGTCA      720     - GAGCATCCAT TTGTGAATGG AGTTGAGAAG CTGGTGCCAG ACTCTCTGTA TG - #TTCCTTTC      780     - AAAGAGCCCA GCCAGAGCCT GCTGGAAGAG ATGTTCCTGA CTGTGCCGGA AT - #CACATAGA      840     - AAGCCTCTCA AGCGCAGCAG CAGTGAGACG ATCCTCAGCA GCTTGGCAGG GA - #GTGACATC      900     - GTGAAGGGCC ACGAGGAGAC CTGCATCAGG AGGGCCAAGG CTGTGAAACA GA - #GGGGCATC      960     - TCCCTTCTGC ACGAAGTGGA CACGCAGTAC AGCGCCCTGA AGGTGAAGTA TG - #AAGAGTTG     1020     - CTGAAGAAGT GCCAAGAGGA ACAGGACTCC CTGTCACACA AGGCTGGCAG AC - #CTCCAGGC     1080     - TGCAGCCAAG GACCTGACTG GAGTGACGCC CAGTCTGAGC CTGTTGCCAG CG - #GCTGGGAA     1140     - CTGGCCTCTG TCAACCCAGA GCCCGTGAGT TCCCCTACAA CACCTCCAGA AT - #ACAAAGCG     1200     - TTGTTTAAGG AGATCTTTAG TTGCATCAAG AAAACTAAGC AGGAAATAGA TG - #AACAGAGA     1260     - ACAAAATACC GATCACTCTC CTCTCATTCT TAATTGACCT CTAGCTCTAC TA - #CTAATTTG     1320     - CCTATTGCCT ATCGCCTCTC TCCCATTCAG ACAAGTGTTT GTAGACTCTG AA - #GCCTAATG     1380     - TTACTCATGA CGTTTGCCTC ATTGCTTTGC TTATTTAGCA AATGCATACA AC - #GAGGAAAG     1440     - GAGGTGGCTA GTGGTATCAG TTCTCTGATC CACTTCCATT TAACCTCCCC AG - #GAAATCCC     1500     - ATGACAAACT GGCCTCTGGC TGGCGCGCTG ATTAGACTTC AGTTCCTGAA AA - #GGACCAGT     1560     - GGAGGGAAGA GCTATACTTC TGGAGAAGTA GGCCTGGAGT TACTACAGTA TG - #GGGGAAAA     1620     - GGGTCGAGTT AGAACAAAGC TAAGGCAATT CCTATTGCTT CCTTGCGCAA CT - #TCTCAAAA     1680     - CGATGAAAGT CAGAAGGCTG TCAAACTCAA ATATCTTTGC AAACACTGTT TG - #AATACTGT     1740     - GAATTCTTCA TTACGAAGAA TGTTCGAGAG AAAGCAGGGG TCTAATCCAA AA - #GAAATGTC     1800     - ATTAACCAAT ACTCCAAGTC CTTGAGTTTT GTTATATCTG AACTAGTTGA AC - #TGTGACTG     1860     - ACAGGTAATC CTAATATATC CAAATCCAAC TGAATACCAA ATTGAGATGG CA - #AATTTTTG     1920     - TTTGATATAA GTTAGCTTGT TAGCATATGC CCTAGAGGGC CTCCATCCCT GA - #TTCTAATG     1980     - TTTTTACTCA AAGCTCTAGC CTTTAGGATA GGTGAATATG TAAATCTTTT AT - #CACTTTCT     2040     - CAAATTCAAA CTAAAGGGGA AAGATCAAAC CCCTTCCCTT CCTACCTGTT TT - #CTGAGCTG     2100     - GCTGACTTGC CAGCCACAAG CTGCTCTTGC AGAGTTCTTA CCATTCCTGT AA - #ATGTTTTG     2160     - ACTTGTTGCA GAAATTCCTA TCTACTTTAT TAAGCAGTAT TGATCTGACT GT - #GGAAACAT     2220     - CCTCTCACTT GCATTCTTTT AACTTAAAAC TATTTAAGAA CTGATGTTCC GA - #TTATTGTA     2280     - TATATTTTTC TAAAAACCAA ATAAAGCTAC CTATGAAAGG AATTCCGGAA TT - #C     2333     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 4 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:     -      Ser Pro Lys Lys          1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 8 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:     -      Leu Gln Thr Glu Ile Ala Asn Leu     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 6 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:     -      Leu Leu Glu Asp Val Glu     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 6 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:     -      Phe Leu Glu Asp Val Glu     #  5 1     - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:     -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:     #acids    (A) LENGTH: 430 amino               (B) TYPE: amino acid               (C) STRANDEDNESS: single               (D) TOPOLOGY: linear     -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide     -    (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO     -     (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO     -      (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: N-terminal     -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:     -      Ser Pro Gln Asp Leu Gln Leu Ala - # Ala Glu Leu Gly Lys Thr Leu     Leu     #   15     -      Asp Arg Asn Thr Glu Leu Glu Asp - # Ser Val Gln Gln Met Tyr Thr     Thr     #                 30     -      Asn Gln Glu Gln Leu Gln Glu Ile - # Glu Tyr Leu Thr Lys Gln Val     Glu     #             45     -      Leu Leu Arg Gln Met Asn Glu Gln - # His Ala Lys Val Tyr Glu Gln     Leu     #         60     -      Asp Val Thr Ala Arg Glu Leu Glu - # Glu Thr Asn Gln Lys Leu Val     Ala     #     80     -      Asp Ser Lys Ala Ser Gln Gln Lys - # Ile Leu Ser Leu Thr Glu Thr     Ile     #   95     -      Glu Cys Leu Gln Thr Asn Ile Asp - # His Leu Gln Ser Gln Val Glu     Glu     #                110     -      Leu Lys Ser Ser Gly Gln Gly Arg - # Arg Ser Pro Gly Lys Cys Asp     Gln     #            125     -      Glu Lys Pro Ala Pro Ser Phe Ala - # Cys Leu Lys Glu Leu Tyr Asp     Leu     #        140     -      Arg Gln His Phe Val Tyr Asp His - # Val Phe Ala Glu Lys Ile Thr     Ser     #    160     -      Leu Gln Gly Gln Pro Ser Pro Asp - # Glu Glu Glu Asn Glu His Leu     Lys     #   175     -      Lys Thr Val Thr Met Leu Gln Ala - # Gln Leu Ser Leu Glu Arg Gln     Lys     #                190     -      Arg Val Thr Met Glu Glu Glu Tyr - # Gly Leu Val Leu Lys Glu Asn     Ser     #            205     -      Glu Leu Glu Gln Gln Leu Gly Ala - # Thr Gly Ala Tyr Arg Ala Arg     Ala     #        220     -      Leu Glu Leu Glu Ala Glu Val Ala - # Glu Met Arg Gln Met Leu Gln     Ser     #    240     -      Glu His Pro Phe Val Asn Gly Val - # Glu Lys Leu Val Pro Asp Ser     Leu     #   255     -      Tyr Val Pro Phe Lys Glu Pro Ser - # Gln Ser Leu Leu Glu Glu Met     Phe     #                270     -      Leu Thr Val Pro Glu Ser His Arg - # Lys Pro Leu Lys Arg Ser Ser     Ser     #            285     -      Glu Thr Ile Leu Ser Ser Leu Ala - # Gly Ser Asp Ile Val Lys Gly     His     #        300     -      Glu Glu Thr Cys Ile Arg Arg Ala - # Lys Ala Val Lys Gln Arg Gly     Ile     #    320     -      Ser Leu Leu His Glu Val Asp Thr - # Gln Tyr Ser Ala Leu Lys Val     Lys     #   335     -      Tyr Glu Glu Leu Leu Lys Lys Cys - # Gln Glu Glu Gln Asp Ser Leu     Ser     #                350     -      His Lys Ala Gly Arg Pro Pro Gly - # Cys Ser Gln Gly Pro Asp Trp     Ser     #            365     -      Asp Ala Gln Ser Glu Pro Val Ala - # Ser Gly Trp Glu Leu Ala Ser     Val     #        380     -      Asn Pro Glu Pro Val Ser Ser Pro - # Thr Thr Pro Pro Glu Tyr Lys     Ala     #    400     -      Leu Phe Lys Glu Ile Phe Ser Cys - # Ile Lys Lys Thr Lys Gln Glu     Ile     #   415     -      Asp Glu Gln Arg Thr Lys Tyr Arg - # Ser Leu Ser Ser His Ser     #                430     __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of detecting an antibody associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) which comprises contacting a suitable sample with a fusion protein designated Y2 and expressed by the plasmid pY2 (ATCC Accession No. 40948) under conditions so as to form a complex between the fusion protein and the antibody, detecting the presence of any complex so formed, thereby detecting the antibody associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is labeled with a detectable marker.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the detectable marker is a radioisotope, dye, enzyme or biotin.
 4. A method of determining whether a patient exhibiting neurological symptoms harbors a tumor expressing major Yo antigen which comprises:(a) obtaining a fusion protein designated Y2 which is expressed by plasmid pY2 (ATCC Accession No. 40948); (b) raising an antibody against the fusion protein obtained in step (a) and isolating said raised antibody; (c) contacting a suitable sample from the patient with the isolated antibody from step (b) under suitable conditions so as to form a complex between the isolated antibody and the major Yo antigen; and (d) detecting the presence of any complex so formed, the presence of complex indicating that the patient harbors a tumor expressing major Yo antigen.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the isolated antibody is labeled with a detectable marker.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the detectable marker is a radioisotope, dye, enzyme or biotin. 